Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication
Preventive cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defence.
Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM.
Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider.
Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials.
Chemical controls: Considered as an IPM last resort.
